Snow Goose Overpopulation Essay Example For Students

Snow Goose Overpopulation Essay The Overpopulation of the Snow Goose in North America Theoretical The motivation behind this paper is to investigate accessible exploration on the overpopulation of the Snow Goose on the North American landmass. The snow goose has been ascending in populace since the center of the century and has been heightening so much it is pulverizing their common living space. Natural life directors have quite recently as of late executed procedures to battle this issue. Fundamentally using trackers the supervisors are attempting to check the populace development. Presentation There are three fundamental types of Snow Goose of essential concern. The Lesser Snow Goose (LSGO) is the must bountiful and simultaneously generally inconvenient. Ross Goose (ROGO) is fundamentally the same as the Lesser and must be recognized by close perception. Both the Lesser and the Ross home in salt swamps along Hudson Bay and afterward relocate down to the inlet coast states, for example, Texas and Louisiana. Their populaces number in the millions. The third sub species is the Greater Snow Goose. They home in indistinguishable bogs from the others aside from they move down the Atlantic Coast into the Carolinas and that region. We will compose a custom article on Snow Goose Overpopulation explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Every one of the three animal types have detonated in numbers since the 1950s. Specialists have done a ton of study on the numbers and the corruption yet may need to accomplish more investigations on the effect on different species and search for different choices to control the populaces. Populace Trends The quantities of all light hued geese has been on the ascent since information was first gathered. The Lesser Snow Goose (LSGO) has radically expanded in number since information was first taken. Numbers go from around 800,000 out of 1969 to upwards of 6 million of every 1996 (CWS 1999). While the Greater Snow Goose (GSGO) has ascended in numbers from two or three thousand to right around 500,000 (CWS 1999). This concise article didn't give a lot of understanding into real numbers. Abraham and Jeffries in their report burrow further and give increasingly noteworthy and nitty gritty populace checks. Their numbers include the Mid-winter list, which is the quantity of geese tallied during mid-winter and alluded to as MWI. Their numbers additionally have a mean Ross Goose (ROGO) which essentially flies with the (LSGO) and is difficult to recognize (Abraham and Jeffries 1998). They also propose the LSGO populace to be around 800,000 of every 1969 and in 1994 about 2.4 million. Despite the fact that it is proposed that the number is low due an undercount throughout the winter and an increasingly exact check might be taken while settling in spring. The number of inhabitants in Greater Snow Goose has arrived at 612,000 from around 50,000 in the mid 1960s. Ross Goose has expanded from 8,000 of every 1957 to about 500,000 out of 1995 (Abraham and Jeffries). The Texas Department of Fish and Wildlife expresses that the number of inhabitants in wintering snow geese has stayed consistent. They infer this is because of the way that the geese have spread their winter extend into different states (TWDS 1999). As showed before it is exceptionally difficult to tally wintering winged animals in light of the fact that such countless wintering regions. The following are a couple of charts of these populace patterns (CWS 1999) (Ingstrup 98) (Ingstrup 1998) Components adding to High Population The snow goose issue is an untamed life administrators bad dream. Through judicious limitations on winged animals taken as game, and the expansion in shelters combined with astounding natural surroundings in the feathered creatures whole range. It is evaluated that there is almost 900,000 ha of rice fields over the snow gooses winter go (Abraham and Jeffries 1998). This is notwithstanding the run of the mill salt bog wintering ground. Abraham and Jeffries recommend that farther toward the North in states like Nebraska and North Dakota the transformation of meadow grassland into oat grains has given a huge measure of nourishment for the geese. What's more it has additionally obscured the zone regularly considered the wintering range. .ua3966a1c896fffde4806448149fde878 , .ua3966a1c896fffde4806448149fde878 .postImageUrl , .ua3966a1c896fffde4806448149fde878 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ua3966a1c896fffde4806448149fde878 , .ua3966a1c896fffde4806448149fde878:hover , .ua3966a1c896fffde4806448149fde878:visited , .ua3966a1c896fffde4806448149fde878:active { border:0!important; } .ua3966a1c896fffde4806448149fde878 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ua3966a1c896fffde4806448149fde878 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ua3966a1c896fffde4806448149fde878:active , .ua3966a1c896fffde4806448149fde878:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ua3966a1c896fffde4806448149fde878 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .ua3966a1c896fffde4806448149fde878 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .ua3966a1c896fffde4806448149fde878 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ua3966a1c896fffde4806448149fde878 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-beautification: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua3966a1c896fffde4806448149fde878:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ua3966a1c896fffde4806448149fd e878 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ua3966a1c896fffde4806448149fde878-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ua3966a1c896fffde4806448149fde878:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Can We Say NO To Recycling Essay It might likewise give a characteristic rest stop en route for moving winged creatures guaranteeing more prominent wellbeing at settling grounds (Abraham and Jeffries 1998). The foundation of outcasts has diminished the measure of feathered creatures taken by trackers permitting more winged animals to finish a full relocation cycle (CWS 1999). Chasing of the Greater Snow Goose was restricted in the us . Snow Goose Overpopulation Essay Example For Students Snow Goose Overpopulation Essay Word Count: 1940 The Overpopulation of the Snow Goose in North America Theoretical The motivation behind this paper is to investigate accessible exploration on the overpopulation of the Snow Goose on the North American landmass. The snow goose has been ascending in populace since the center of the century and has been raising so much it is annihilating their regular living space. Untamed life directors have quite recently as of late executed techniques to battle this issue. Essentially using trackers the directors are attempting to check the populace development. Presentation There are three fundamental types of Snow Goose of essential concern. We will compose a custom exposition on Snow Goose Overpopulation explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The Lesser Snow Goose (LSGO) is the must plentiful and simultaneously generally irksome. Ross Goose (ROGO) is fundamentally the same as the Lesser and must be recognized by close perception. Both the Lesser and the Ross home in salt swamps along Hudson Bay and afterward move down to the bay coast states, for example, Texas and Louisiana. Their populaces number in the millions. The third sub species is the Greater Snow Goose. They home in indistinguishable bogs from the others aside from they move down the Atlantic Coast into the Carolinas and that region. Each of the three species have detonated in numbers since the 1950s. Scientists have done a great deal of study on the numbers and the corruption yet may need to accomplish more examinations on the effect on different species and search for different choices to control the populaces. Populace Trends The quantities of all light shaded geese has been on the ascent since information was first gathered. The Lesser Snow Goose (LSGO) has radically expanded in number since information was first taken. Numbers run from around 800,000 out of 1969 to upwards of 6 million out of 1996 (CWS 1999). While the Greater Snow Goose (GSGO) has ascended in numbers from two or three thousand to just about 500,000 (CWS 1999). This short article didn't give a lot of understanding into real numbers. Abraham and Jeffries in their report burrow further and give increasingly noteworthy and nitty gritty populace checks. Their numbers include the Mid-winter record, which is the quantity of geese tallied during mid-winter and alluded to as MWI. Their numbers additionally have a mean Ross Goose (ROGO) which basically flies with the (LSGO) and is difficult to recognize (Abraham and Jeffries 1998). They also recommend the LSGO populace to be around 800,000 of every 1969 and in 1994 about 2.4 million. Despite the fact that it is recommended that the number is low due an undercount throughout the winter and a progressively exact tally might be taken while settling in spring. The number of inhabitants in Greater Snow Goose has arrived at 612,000 from around 50,000 in the mid 1960s. Ross Goose has expanded from 8,000 of every 1957 to almost 500,000 of every 1995 (Abraham and Jeffries). The Texas Department of Fish and Wildlife expresses that the number of inhabitants in wintering snow geese has stayed consistent. They suggest this is because of the way that the geese have spread their winter go into different states (TWDS 1999). As showed before it is exceptionally difficult to check wintering winged creatures in light of the fact that such an enormous number of wintering territories. The following are a couple of charts of these po

Essay Topics For Descriptive Paper

Essay Topics For Descriptive PaperThere are several essays you can write, but they all have a common thread: writing about the topic of your essay. The topic can be anything. You could be writing about a vacation, college, sports, or a career. It is very important that you decide what topic is going to be your focus so that you can write about it in the most persuasive way possible.In order to write an essay about the topic you choose, you need to know the general topic of the paper. This topic should be a problem statement. In English, every essay is a problem statement. And once you have chosen the topic of your essay, the next step is to write. Now, writing an essay can seem like a lot of work but it is not too difficult if you use the right guide.The first thing that you need to do when you are writing an essay is to organize your thoughts. This means that you need to go through all of your written material and determine what problems you are dealing with. You need to consider th e main issues that are in the essay. If the main issues are pretty similar, you may be able to solve the problems that you are dealing with in the same way. Otherwise, you will need to re-write the essay.Once you have determined what essay topics you want to write about, then you are ready to write the essay. Although this sounds very simple, there are many ways to go wrong and get it wrong. You need to make sure that you use the proper process for planning your essay. Once you have all of your thoughts planned out, then you will need to know what types of techniques you should use to ensure that the essay is as persuasive as possible.One of the best essay topics for descriptive paper is a medical research essay. As you can imagine, medical research requires some very specific details. You will need to be able to use different types of sources and facts when writing this type of essay.Another example of this is writing an essay about Shakespeare's plays. Although you may know many o f the plays and many of the actors, you might not know much about the theater. However, if you use the proper sources and facts, you can master this topic and give a highly persuasive essay.The next topic that I would recommend is writing about a topic that you know a lot about. For example, if you write a newspaper column about the subject, you will be able to point out the key points of the essay in a way that is very compelling. Similarly, if you write a technical article on a technical topic, you will be able to use information in your essay that is true. In order to write an essay about a technical topic, you will need to get a bit of experience in that topic.The last topic that I would recommend is writing about something that you do not know a lot about. In the example of the medical research essay, you will need to use some sources of information about the topic in order to write an essay on that topic. If you are not familiar with the medical research topic, you will have t o use some information that you know on the topic in order to properly set the facts in your essay. You also need to note that although this topic will not be as easy to write about, it will not be that hard either.

Safety Training Program Development Assignment Case Study

Wellbeing Training Program Development Assignment - Case Study Example Additionally, it rotates around usage and cautious preparing to guarantee that objectives of an association are successfully reached. Along these lines each period of the preparation produces results that are valuable in the following stage. Preparing remains as the most ideal route forward for experts given that they regularly commit errors while never acknowledging it. By fundamentally recognizing them, one can start to improve execution rapidly, without issues and without bringing about misfortunes on any new preparing programs. The students for this situation are the learners wherein case any character who is required to go into a restricted space or a grant required bound space must need to get this kind of preparing before they may pick up permission to the territory. The results of this course incorporate understanding the dangers of bound spaces, learning the obligations and obligations of the kept space passage members accomplish commonality with air testing gear and passageway hardware and become proficient on security guidelines for preservation of restricted space sections The learning requirements that exist in the preparation program incorporate the requirement for gaining a grant. For this situation, if laborers are not to enter and work in license spaces, businesses must take powerful activities to keep away from them from entering these spaces. On the off chance that laborers are required to enter license spaces, the business must create in print a grant space program and make it realistic by representatives or their authoritative body. To make it simpler for the students, the method of conveyance includes bringing the preparation offices near the learners. This makes it feasible for students to get what it takes at the entryway step. When the preparation program has distinguished assets and achievements, you can structure a course of events. By and large, its an astute plan to work in reverse, since it ought to be known when the task is expected. Next, modifications are made

Project Management Plan - Free Essay Example

LITERATURE REVIEW Having seen in the previous chapter about the Project management is a carefully planned and organized effort to accomplish a specific (and usually) one-time effort, for example, implementing a new computer system. Project management includes developing a project plan, which includes defining project goals and objectives, specifying tasks or how goals will be achieved, what resources are need, and associating budgets and timelines for completion. It also includes implementing the project plan, along with careful controls to stay on the critical path, that is, to ensure the plan is being managed according to plan. Project management usually follows major phases (with various titles for these phases), including feasibility study, project planning, implementation, evaluation and support/maintenance. Comninos and Frigenti (2002 p.72) defines Project management as The application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements. Further Haynes (1995 pp. 623) defines project management as Project management concentrates on the project . A project is an undertaking that has a beginning and an end and is carried out to meet established goals within cost , schedule and quality objectives . Project management brings together and optimizes the resources necessary to complete the project successfully . These resources include the skills , talents and co-operative effort of a team of people , facilities , tools and equipment ; information systems and techniques and money Duncan (1995 pp. 742) has a similar view Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to a broad range of activities in order to meet the requirements Harrison ((1988 pp.62) states these definition as The application of modern management techniques and systems to the execution of a project from start to finish, to achieve predetermined objectives of scope, quality, time and cost, to the equal satisfaction of those involved Cleland and Gareis (1993 pp.58) states that Project management is the ability to define, schedule and assign project activities; record project issues; monitor progress and report changes in activity accomplishment and issue resolution; and maintain and control changes to designs, plans and issue lists Similarly Morris (1997 pp. 221) defines as Planning, monitoring and control of all aspects of a project and the motivation of all those involved in it to achieve the project objectives on time and to the specified cost, quality and performance Ciborra (2002 pp. 525) defines Information System (IS) as the system of persons, data records and activities that process the data and information in a given organization, including manual processes or automated processes. Usually the term is used erroneously as a synonym for computer-based information systems, which is only the Information technologies component of an Information System. The computer-based information systems are the field of study for Information technologies (IT) Project management is concerned with managing the entity called People. There is no single universal definition of a software project , although some definitions do have similar structure. Projects consume a variety of resources , Projects have a specific start and end point (or life cycle), Projects have a owner (i.e. consumer ), Projects have a specific budget , Project have a clear method , Projects have finite objectives. A unique undertaking with a concise life cycle , start and end dates , a finite budget , resource allocation and defined outcome or objective (Gary 2001 p.25) 2.1 Preview of software industry in India The software industry is one of the fastest growing industries and highest earners of foreign exchange in the Indian economy. With help from the Indian Government including tax benefits and the development of infrastructure links, the software sector has grown over 56% annually since 1995. Software exports currently reach about 95 countries and account for 10.5% of Indias total exports.There is, therefore, significant interaction on the global level between IT companies and other countries and companies, which might account for the lead Infosys has taken amongst its peers in the field of CSR (Narayana Murthy CEO Infosys , 2006 15/02/07) The India Software Industry has brought about a tremendous success for the emerging economy. The software industry is the main component of the Information technology in India. Indias pool of young aged manpower is the key behind this success story. Presently there are more than 500 software firms in the country which shows the monumental advancement that the India Software Industry has experienced (IIT,2002 p.4) 2.2 Infosys and its relation to software project management Founded in 1981 in Bangalore by Narayana Murthy and six colleagues, Infosys is positioned to integrate the needs of vendors and service providers, using existing solutions or relying on new product development. The company does the necessary integration, software development, feature enhancements testing, release and third level support. It provides solutions to the financial sector the biggest chunk of its business- as well as to 460 other clients across a broad spectrum of other industries. (www.infosys.com 14/02/08) In terms of project management, software project work is split into two components: onsite and offshore, according to where it can be best done, at the lowest cost, and with the lowest level of acceptable risk, thereby de-coupling capability development and delivery. Although Infosys was not spared by the dotcom crash in 2001, thanks in part to the loyalty built up among employees the business bounced back, and by 2006 its market capitalization was US$18 billion. For Murthy, leading by example is what counts. This translates into three core values: respect for the individual, data-based decision making, and embracing constant change by forcing people to share their innovations. Infosys has established a systematic pattern of succession planning whereby board members remain in the vanguard but are underpinned by a three-tier leadership structure for high-potential managers. Younger employees are viewed as the eyes and the ears of the company, bringing to the forefront contemporary issues that might otherwise be overlooked (Manfred , Vries, Agrawal and Florent-Treacy 2006 p.121) Since incorporation, Infosys annual revenue has rapidly increased and it reached 1 trillion in 2006. Unlike many other Indian IT companies Infosys has concentrated on building software applications and this has contributed to its global success Infosys Technologies employs nearly 17,000 people worldwide, almost 10,000 of whom are software professionals. 116 new clients in the financial year (FY) 2002 added to the already prestigious list that includes Airbus, Cisco, Nordstrom and Boeing. Retail banking services account for around 4% of total revenue. The company vision is to be the best globally, commercially and ethically. As such, Infosys has developed a C-Life principle of core values that it aims to honour in all aspects of its business conduct . C LIFE represents Customer delight , Lead by example , Integrity and transparency , Fairness and Excellence (www.infy.com 15/06/07) 2.3 Project Management Processes (Infosys based approach) Turner J and Rodney (2005 p..43) states that A project management process is the management process of planning and controlling the performance or execution of a project Although all projects are different and have unique features m there are elements which are common to most . A process model needs a set of features which Are adaptable to a wide range of applications Provide a complete and adequate definition of any project to which they are applied Are easy to assimilate , with the key tasks and points of interest highlighted Are suitable to act as a memorandum and checklist to ensure that everything is covered Do not impose any unnecessary constraints on the use of tools , techniques and methods during the projects A process model can be helpful to a project manager in planning the project but obviously cannot be followed blindly and must be tailored to meet the requirements of the project . Not all the elements of the process model will be appropriate , but the model can be used as a checklist to ensure that nothing important is missed from the project . The process model is also used to help define what is required of the project manager at each stage in the project and to define the inputs and outputs of each stage . (Van Vliet , 2004 p.52) Infosys executes hundreds of projects each year. Full responsibility for executing a project rests with the project manager, who must make sure that the project team delivers high-quality software to the customer on time and within cost. To help the project manager fulfill this responsibility, support from the organization is necessary. (Mahajan and Ives , 2006 p.231) This section provides a brief background Infosys support for managing software projects. For a project team to successfully execute a project, it must perform hundreds of tasks, many of them interdependent. Effectively managing this process is extremely important for success. (Harvey 2003 p.52)At Infosys, the set of activities executed by a project manager is specified in the project management process. It is fairly standard, having three main stages: Software project planning Software project execution Software project closure 2.3.1 Software Project Planning The key to a successful software project is in the planning. Creating a project plan is the first thing one should do when undertaking any kind of project. Often project planning is ignored in favor of getting on with the work. However, many people fail to realize the value of a project plan in saving time, money and many problems. A project is successful when the needs of the stakeholders have been met. A stakeholder is anybody directly or indirectly impacted by the project. (Lackman 1987 p.57) As a first step it is important to identify the stakeholders of software project. It is not always easy to identify the stakeholders of a project, particularly those impacted indirectly. (Lewis J 1995) Examples of stakeholders are: The project sponsor The customer who receives the deliverables The users of the project outputs The project manager and project team Once understanding who the stakeholders are, the next step is to establish their needs. The best way to do this is by conducting stakeholder interviews. Considerable time can be utilized during the interviews to draw out the true needs that create real benefits. Often stakeholders will talk about needs that arent relevant and dont deliver benefits. These can be recorded and set as a low priority. ( Berlick 1992 p.72) The next step once after all the interviews done and have a comprehensive list of needs it is now to prioritize them. From the prioritized list its important to create a set of goals that can be easily measured. A technique for doing this is to review them against the SMART (specific, measurable, agreed upon, realistic and time-based ) principle. This way it will be easy to know when a goal has been achieved. Once having established a clear set of goals they should be recorded in the project plan. It can be useful to also include the needs and expectations of the end users- stakeholders. (Thomsett 1989 p.51) At Infosys , in the project planning stage, as revealed by Marsh (1998 p.17) , the project manager reviews contractual commitments and creates a plan to meet them. Creating a project plan involves defining a life-cycle process to be followed, estimating the effort and schedule, preparing a detailed schedule of tasks, and so on. It also includes planning for quality and configuration management as well as risk management. In this phase, the major activities of the project manager are as follows: According to McManus (1997 p.69) , the project manager performs startup and administrative tasks and creates the project plan and schedule. He is also responsible for defining the objectives of the project . The suitable standard process for the project execution is identified . Also the standard process to meet project requirements are tailer . Also a process for managing changes in requirements is designed . The estimation of effort involved is undertaken . Also the plan for human resources and team organization is determined . The project milestones are defined and schedules created accordingly. Also the quality of objectives and a quality plan to achieve them are determined . A defect prevention plan in designed. The risks are identified and plans are made to mitigate them. A measurement plan for the project is defined .A training plan for the project is designed . The project-tracking procedures are analyzed for effective execution . Also a review of the project plan and schedul e are performed . Authorization from senior management is obtained . The configuration management plan and defined and reviewed . Also orientation of the project team to the project management plan is executed In addition to the project manager, this phase involves the customer, an SEPG representative, and the business manager for the project. The entry criterion is that the contract or project authorization is available. The exit criterion is that the project plan has been documented and group reviewed (Morgon 1986 p.19) 2.3.2 Software Project Execution According to ,Harvey ( 2003 p.167) ,the purpose of Project Execution and Control is to develop the product or service that the project was commissioned to deliver. Typically, this is the longest phase of the project management lifecycle, where most resources are applied. Project Execution and Control utilizes all the plans, schedules, procedures and templates that were prepared and anticipated during prior phases. Unanticipated events and situations will inevitably be encountered, and the Project Manager and Project Team will be taxed to capacity to deal with them while minimizing impact on the projects CSSQ. Project Execution and Control Kick-off is where the project manager conducts a meeting to formally begin the project execution and control phase, orient new project team members, and review the documentation and current status of the project. The purpose of Project Execution and Control Kickoff is to formally acknowledge the beginning of project execution and control and facilitate the transition from project planning. Similar to project planning kick-off, project execution and control kickoff ensures that the project is still on track and focused on the original business need. Many new team members will be introduced to the project at this point, and must be thoroughly oriented and prepared to begin work. Most importantly, current project status is reviewed and all prior deliverables are re-examined, giving all new team members a common reference point. (Rodney 1999 p.123) Manage CSSQ is where the project manager must manage changes to the project scope and project schedule, implement quality assurance and quality control processes according to the quality standards, and control and manage costs as established in the project budget. (SEI 1996 p.4)The purpose of Manage CSSQ is to manage changes to project scope , control the project schedule and manage schedule changes , implement quality assurance and quality control , processes according to the quality standards revised during project planning control and manage costs established in the project Monitor and Control Risks, where the project manager and project team utilize the risk management plan prepared in previous phases, and develop and apply new response and resolution strategies to unexpected eventualities.Risks are potential future events that can adversely affect a projects Cost, Schedule, Scope or Quality (CSSQ). In prior phases, the project manager defined these events as accurately as possible, determined when they would impact the project, and developed a risk management plan. As the impact dates draw closer, it is important to continue re-evaluating probability, impact, and timing of risks, as well as to identify additional risk factors and events. When the risk event actually occurs, the risk (which is by definition a future, potential event) becomes an issue (which is by definition a current, definite condition) and issue monitoring and control takes over. The purpose of monitor and control risks is to deploy the risk management plans prepared in prior phases to anticipate project challenges, and to develop and apply new response and resolution strategies to unexpected eventualities. (Humphrey 1989 p.92) Manage Project Execution, where the Project Manager must manage every aspect of the Project Plan to ensure that all the work of the project is being performed correctly and on time.Project Execution is typically the part of the lifecycle of a project when the majority of the actual work to produce the product is performed and the majority of the project budget is expended. The purpose of manage project execution is to manage every aspect of the project plan as work is being done to make certain the project is a success. This process is performed concurrently with the manage CSSQ and monitor and control risks processes. The tasks in this process are performed concurrently and repeatedly as various aspects of the product of the project are constructed, tested, and accepted. (Dion 1994 p.172) Gain Project Acceptance, where the Project Manager, customer decision-makers and project sponsor acknowledge that all deliverables produced during project execution and control have been completed, tested, accepted and approved, and that the product or service of the project has been successfully transitioned to the performing organization.The purpose of Gain Project Acceptance is to formally acknowledge that all deliverables produced during project execution and control have been completed, tested, accepted, and approved by the projects Customers and the Project Sponsor, and that the product or service the project developed was successfully transitioned from the Project Team to the Performing Organization. Formal acceptance and approval also signify that the project is essentially over, and is ready for Project Closeout. (Duran 1988 p.49) At Infosys , the second phase, as in the words of Finney ( 1999 p.193) , project execution, involves executing the project plan, tracking the status of the project, and making corrections whenever project performance strays from the path laid down in the project plan. In other words, it involves tracking and controlling the implementation of the project process. This phase is the longest in the project management process, incorporating periodic tasks such as monitoring project status and quality and taking any needed corrective steps. In this phase, as said by ( Harvey 2003 p.62) , the project manager executes the project as per the project plan. , tracks the project status., reviews the project status with senior management. , monitor compliance with the defined project process. , analyze defects and perform defect prevention activities, monitor performance at the program level and conduct milestone reviews and replan if necessary. Other members of the team also participate in this stage. The entry criterion is that the project plan is complete and approved, and the exit criterion is that all work products delivered are accepted by the customer 2.3.3 Software Project Closure The Project closure report is produced at the end of the Project, and provides the Project Board with a review of the overall Project and an assessment of how successfully the Project has met its objectives. This report will be presented at the final Project Board meeting, and must be signed off by the Project Board as part of the process of formally closing the Project. (Watts 1987 p.122) As said by Sanders and Curran (1994 p.623) , a carefully structured project closure phase should ensure that the project is brought to a controlled end. The project manager should prepare the end project report, which details the main findings and outcome of the project and represents a formal review of the projects degree of success. The project manager should organize the project closure meeting and draw up a list of who should attend. This meeting is concerned with reviewing the project and ensuring the completeness of all of the major project deliverables. It is the final formal control point apart from the post implementation review; and should be attended by the project owner and the overall project manager. The basic question facing the attendees is: Did the project deliver its intended end-product within the time and budgetary limits set? According to Thomsett (1989 p.62) , The last stage of the project management process, project closure, involves a systematic wind-up of the project after customer acceptance. The main goal here is to learn from the experience so that the process can be improved. Post-project data analysis constitutes the main activity; metrics are analyzed, process assets (materials, such as templates and guidelines, used to aid in managing the process itself) are collected for future use, and lessons are recorded. Because learning from the project is the main goal, this is a group activity that involves the project manager, the SEPG, and other members of the team. The entry criterion is that the customer has accepted the work products. The exit criterion is that a post project meeting has been conducted. The main outputs of this phase are the project closure report and the collected process assets. 2.4 Capability Maturity Model CMM is a development methodology thats designed to help projects make use of reusable processes . There are some pain involved in making the switch , but the benefits to development staff and the organization make it worthwhile The CMM describes a continuum of characteristics based on how well your company or organization follows common and repeatable processes to get your work done. CMMs have been developed for software acquisition, people, and software (Paulk 1993 p.342) Although the SEI continues to enhance and expand the scope and breadth of various CMM models, the primary focus for most companies continues to be software development. Perhaps the biggest reason for looking at software development is that the process uses a fair amount of creativity, which can lead to unpredictable results. However, much (but not all) of the software development process can be standardized using a common set of processes. Common processes can be set up for the project management side Moving up the CMM levels allows an organization to standardize its software development processes in areas that can be successfully repeated from project to project Organizations that use the CMM for software development describe their level of standardization against CMM benchmarks using a scale of 1 to 5. The low end of the scale describes companies that arent using repeatable processes; much of their work is chaotic and ad hoc. The high end describes companies that use defined and re peatable processes, collect metrics to help them continuously improve their processes, and look for creative ways to do things better on an ongoing basis.(Watts 1987 p.79) Many companies are seeing that they can drive business value by implementing good, reusable processes throughout their organizations. The CMM provides a framework that companies can use to measure themselves on a standard 1 to 5 scale. Most companies today are at level 1 and would love to get as high as level 2. Most managers and organizations realise that they should have common and repeatable processes. However, pain will definitely be involved (Gilb 1998 p.122) Infosys has been assessed at level 5 (the highest level) of the Capability Maturity Model (CMM). By extracting project management processes from the set of processes at Infosys, this book also illustrates how projects are managed in a high-maturity organization. Through this illustration, I hope to bring the benefits of the CMM to project managers who have not studied it because of lack of time, because they regard it as being for process folks or because they have found it difficult to relate the CMM to project management practices. (www.infosys.com 02.07.07) 2.5 KPAs and its importance in Project Management Each KPA specifies goals that the processes of the organization must meet to satisfy that KPA. In addition, each KPA specifies a group of activities, called key practices, that collectively satisfy the goals of that KPA. In many senses, the goals for each KPA capture its essence. They specify the objectives that the CMM has set for the processes relating to the KPA. To illustrate the KPAs associated with project management, we briefly discuss here the goals of these KPAs. These goals are taken from the CMM,with some minor changes in the wording of some goals. ( Cooper and Woolgar , 1994 p.589) 2.5.1 Goals of KPAs at Level 2 2.5.1.1 Requirement Management RM Requirements management is all about balance, communication, and adjustment along the way. To prevent one class of requirements from over-riding another, constant communication among members of the development team is critical. For example, in software development for internal applications, the business has such strong needs that it may ignore user requirements, or believe that in creating use cases, the user requirements are being taken care of. (Bevan 1992 p.165) 2.5.1.2 Software Project Planning SPP The purpose of Software Project Planning is to establish reasonable plans for performing the software engineering and for managing the software project. Software Project Planning involves developing estimates for the work to be performed, establishing the necessary commitments, and defining the plan to perform the work (Barker 1992 p.522) 2.5.1.3 Software Project Tracking and Oversight SPTO The purpose of Software Project Tracking and Oversight is to provide adequate visibility into actual progress so that management can take effective actions when the software projects performance deviates significantly from the software plans. Software Project Tracking and Oversight involves tracking and reviewing the software accomplishments and results against documented estimates, commitments, and plans, and adjusting these plans based on the actual accomplishments and results (Budlong and Peterson 1996 p.523) 2.5.1.4 Software Subcontract Management SSM The purpose of Software Subcontract Management is to select qualified software subcontractors and manage them effectively. Software Subcontract Management involves selecting a software subcontractor, establishing commitments with the subcontractor, and tracking and reviewing the subcontractors performance and results. These practices cover the management of a software (only) subcontract, as well as the management of the software component of a subcontract that includes software, hardware, and possibly other system components (ISO 9000-3 p.5) 2.5.1.5 Software Quality Assurance SQA Software Quality Assurance (SQA) is defined as a planned and systematic approach to the evaluation of the quality of and adherence to software product standards, processes, and procedures. SQA includes the process of assuring that standards and procedures are established and are followed throughout the software acquisition life cycle. Compliance with agreed-upon standards and procedures is evaluated through process monitoring, product evaluation, and audits. Software development and control processes should include quality assurance approval points, where an SQA evaluation of the product may be done in relation to the applicable standards. (Kontonya and Sommerville , 1998 p.212) 2.5.1.6 Software Configuration Management SCM In software engineering, software configuration management (SCM) is the task of tracking and controlling changes in the software. Configuration management practices include revision control and the establishment of baselines (Keller et al 1990 p.521 ) 2.5.2 Goals of KPAs at Level 3 2.5.2.1 Integrated Software Management ISM The purpose of Integrated Software Management is to integrate the software engineering and management activities into a coherent, defined software process that is tailored from the organizations standard software process and related process assets, which are described in Organization Process Definition. Integrated Software Management involves developing the projects defined software process and managing the software project using this defined software process. The projects defined software process is tailored from the organizations standard software process to address the specific characteristics of the project (Saiedian Hossein and Kuzara 1995 p.321) 2.5.2.2 Intergroup Coordination IC Intergroup Coordination involves the software engineering groups participation with other project engineering groups to address system-level requirements, objectives, and issues. Representatives of the projects engineering groups participate in establishing the system-level requirements, objectives, and plans by working with the customer and end users, as appropriate. These requirements, objectives, and plans become the basis for all engineering activities (TickIT Guide p.21) 2.5.2.3 Peer Reviews PR In software development, peer review refers to a type of software review in which a work product (normally some form of document) is examined by its author and one or more colleagues, in order to evaluate its technical content and quality When performed as part of each Software development process activity, peer reviews identify problems and fix them early in the lifecycle. That is to say, a peer review that identifies a requirements problem during the Requirements analysis activity is cheaper and easier to fix than during the Software architecture or Software testing activities ( Gentleman 1996 p.92) 2.5.3 Goals for KPAs at Level 4 2.5.3.1 Quantitative Process Management QPM Quantitative Process Management involves establishing goals for the performance of the projects defined software process, which is described in the Integrated Software Management key process area, taking measurements of the process performance, analyzing these measurements, and making adjustments to maintain process performance within acceptable limits. When the process performance is stabilized within acceptable limits, the projects defined software process, the associated measurements, and the acceptable limits for the measurements are established as a baseline and used to control process performance quantitatively (Daly-jones and Thomas 1997 p.142) 2.5.3.2 Software Quality Management SQM Its here were the projects software quality management activities are planned . Measurable goals for software product quality and their priorities are defined . Actual progress toward achieving the quality goals for the software products is quantified and managed (Broadman and Johnson 1996 p.72) 2.6 Software Engineering Process Group One important form of technology receptor group is the software engineering process group (SEPG), which focuses on software process improvement. Working with managers and engineers from software development organizations, the process group tracks, screens, installs, and evaluates new methods and technology that can improve the software engineering capability of an organization. (Crosby , Philip 1978 p.129) The software engineering process group is a central force for process improvement. The group maintains the overall view of current efforts and facilitates these efforts on a continuing basis. Its members foster collaboration among everyone in the organization who is involved with software process improvement. (Juran 1988 p.59) According to Evans and Marciniak (1987 p.26) SEPG obtains and maintains the support of all levels of management. , Facilitates software process assessments , Works with line managers whose projects are affected by changes in software engineering practice, providing a broad perspective of the improvement effort and helping them set expectations, Maintains collaborative working relationships with software engineers, especially to obtain, plan for, and install new practices and technologies , Arranges for any training or continuing education related to process improvements. , Tracks, monitors, and reports on the status of particular improvement efforts , Facilitates the creation and maintenance of process definitions, in collaboration with managers and engineering staff , Maintains a process database. The process group is not part of product development but is staffed by practitioners. As a result, it has expertise in software engineering. It may also have, and at any rate should develop, expertise in process definition, organizational change, and technology related to improving or measuring quality. The process groups that were interviewed in preparation for this process were predominantly staffed by engineers, highly motivated and generally very experienced people, many of whom had already worked for years as individual champions to improve the software engineering process in their organizations. Staffing the process group with engineers who have customarily worked on building systems reassures the organization at large that the work of the process group will be practical and relevant. (Michael 1986 p.62) 2.7 Infosys Senior Management Involvement Infosys prides itself in providing value to its customers through delivery excellence. Everything at Infosys, including its organizational structure, is driven by the aim of serving customers efficiently and effectively and quickly tapping new business opportunities.( M.Nelakani 1998 p.12) According to Hartono (2002 p.52) , for delivery of customer services, Infosys has many business units. Within a business unit, a team, headed by a project manager, executes a project. The project manager is responsible for all aspects of project execution, from determining the requirements to final installation of the software. The project manager reports to a business manager, who in turn generally reports to the business unit head. To handle situations that cannot be resolved by the project manager, senior management involvement in projects is essential. At Infosys, the business manager regularly interacts with the project manager and monitors the project through status reports and milestone reports . In addition to regular monitoring, the business manager also helps to resolve issues and problems that cannot be handled by the project team and are escalated to his level . The business manager also interacts with customers to ensure that they are satisfied and that any issues are promptly raised and addressed. (Sethi 2002 p.79) Also Lederer(2002 p.182) explains that in addition, other senior people also review projects periodically by regularly taking part in internal audits . Through two systemscalled PRISM (project review by senior management) and IPM (integrated project management)milestone reports and project plans are available for senior management to review. All senior managers are expected to review some projects periodically through this system and to give feedback to the project leaders. Overall, senior management maintains involvement in the project primarily by monitoring to ensure that the project objectives are met and that the customer is fully satisfied. 2.8 Infosys training program for project managers Because project managers have the main responsibility for satisfying the customer, they need to master not only executing the technical aspects of a project but also interacting with customers, eliciting requirements, managing the team, and so on. Clearly no one is likely to possess all the skills needed, so its crucial to train people to develop the necessary skills. Infosys has implemented a variety of programs to help people transition from being engineers to being project leaders. (Demarco , Tom and Tom Lister 1999 p.92 ) All fresh entrants undergo a three- to four-month induction training program. In addition to training in engineering and technology, this program contains one- or two-day programs in business etiquette, written communication, public speaking, body language, and so on.Later, when engineers are ready to become module leaders (those who manage the development of a system module, especially in larger projects) or project managers, they attend a series of technical and soft-skills training programs. Included in the former is a five-day project management course that focuses on all aspects of project management: planning, monitoring, controlling, and so on. A two-week course on requirements specification and management teaches how to elicit requirements, how to document them, how to verify them, and so on. The five-day residential soft-skills training program includes modules on appraisals and team management, customer focus and customer management, leadership, social and business etiquett e for different countries, and so on. (Stuart K Wier 2002) Other regularly offered programs focus on various aspects of management; project leaders take these courses when their schedules permit. Also, team-building workshops are conducted by professionals. ( Westland , 2006 p.67)

Essay Dramatic Irony in the Odyssey - 1376 Words

Authors use many literary devices in order to heighten and enhance their works. Dramatic irony, expressions to complementary attitudes understood by the audience but not the characters, can make the emotions stronger in literature. Homer is one of many authors who used this technique well. In The Odyssey, Homer uses dramatic irony in order to enhance the emotional effect of crucial moments in the storyline, especially during the journey of Telemachus, the initial return of Odysseus, and the restoration of Odysseus to his rightful place in the kingdom. During Telemachus’ journey to find his father, Homer includes dramatic irony through Athena’s relationship to the situation which creates a confused mood. After being prompted by Athena,†¦show more content†¦Dramatic irony also emphasizes a dolent mood during the return of Telemachus from his journey. When Odysseus returns home to Ithaca, Athena goes to Telemachus to retrieve him from Sparta. Athena says, â€Å"Y ou must take leave of Menelaos, if you want to find your dear mother still in your house; for her father and brothers are urging her to marry Eurymachos† (169). Athena tells Telemachus that his mother is going to marry Eurymachos. Athena does this as if she is fishing and the story about Telemachus’ mother is the bait; Telemachus is very intrigued by the bait and goes after it, falling into Athena’s well-thought out trap. The reader knows that the reason Athena wants Telemachus to come back is because Odysseus is soon arriving in Ithaca; therefore, dramatic irony is created when Telemachus is never let in on this information that the reader now knows. Homer uses Athena to create dramatic irony to get Telemachus to rush home to stop the marriage, because if Telemachus was told the truth he might not be a eager to get home, since his father had been away for so much of his life. 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Autism - The inside story - 600 Words

Autism - The inside story According to the article Autism the author stated that, Early studies suggested that five children out of 10,000 had Autism Spectrum Disorder. Also, in the same article the author states that, People with Autism have problems with communication and social interaction. I believe that people should be much more understanding and tolerant of people with Autism. Those people have disadvantages , such as : difficulty with language , which they make up with advantages , such as : putting clues together , and having the unique interest and talents , as my amazing brother Ted. Some people dont want to be the friends with the autistic people , because of their difficulty with language. According to the article†¦show more content†¦This shows me that Ted, and other autistic people could be very fascinating to meet. Probably we could even learn something from their passions, and unique interest. 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Something About Myself free essay sample

According to the laws of entropy, the universe tends to progress from order to chaos. So, as I stared out of the classroom window in ninth grade (during another logic lecture in math), I wondered for the umpteenth time why it was necessary to learn logic. Life isnt made up of ifs, thens, contrapositives and negations. So what if Sally went to see the movie and Billy didnt. And if Billy saw the movie, then Sally didnt? One cannot find a Laputa or Balnibarni on this world. We do not walk around with our heads in the clouds and no one consults their textbooks to decide the approximate time it takes to get to the supermarket after accounting for velocity, friction, stops along the way, weather, distance, etc. I spend approximately four hours a day (thats 600 hours every year, a total of 100 days) on the New York City transit system. We will write a custom essay sample on Something About Myself or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When I first started taking the subway, I would give my coins or food to beggars and I would give up my seat for senior citizens and I would always read the advertisements pasted on the walls (even the lewd ones). I met a lady whod been raped and robbed seven times a week. The guy who preached about God took regular doses of whiskey between cars. Then there are the circus freaks the man with no legs, the couple with AIDS and schizophrenia, the blind accordion player, and so on. One time a man came into my car and kept bouncing himself off the subway doors and windows. At the next stop, the entire car emptied out. Any guy who urinated in between trains immediately became the star attraction at a public peep show. Desensitization is a gradual process. Each day, I would give a little less and sleep a little more. It came to a point where I would sleep the moment I grabbed a seat on the train. I started to hate the bums who disturbed my nap to beg for food or change. One hot summer afternoon, as I was riding on the escalator to get to the train, I met a violinist. He was playing Vivaldis Four Seasons (a favorite of mine), so I dropped a dollar in his violin case. After he finished, he thanked me, which led me to compliment his playing which led to a conversation. That was when I woke up from my interlude of desensitization. I hit upon the perfect idea as to how to redeem myself. During English, we had to write about the city its advantages and disadvantages. I started writing about the people Id met on my commutes to and from school. I started thinking about who these people were and why they were where they were. Sometimes I even talked to them, or they talked to me. By writing about the lives of these people, I felt that I gave them a voice, and a life, because someone else is reading about them and acknowledging their troubles. I suppose it was then that I inadvertently discovered the real point of education. School was not some pointless activity to wile away the time until students became grown-ups. This thing called knowledge was useless unless it was applied. Unless we acted other than in our self-interests, our time on this world would be wasted.